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ABSTRACT Polysaccharides-based nanoparticles as drug delivery systems

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems are nanometeric carriers used to deliver drugs or biomolecules. Generally, nanometeric carriers also comprise sub-micro particles with size below 1000 nm and with various morphologies, including nanospheres, nanocapsules, nanomicelles, nanoliposomes, and nanodrugs, etc. [1,2].

Nanoparticle drug delivery systems have outstanding advantages [1]: (1) they can pass through the smallest capillary vessels because of their ultra-tiny volume and avoid rapid clearance by phagocytes so that their duration in blood stream is greatly prolonged; (2) they can penetrate cells and tissue gap to arrive at target organs such as liver, spleen, lung, spinal cord and lymph; (3) they could show controlledrelease properties due to the biodegradability, pH, ion and/or temperature sensibility of materials; (4) they can improve the utility of drugs and reduce toxic side effects; etc.

As drug delivery system, nanoparticles can entrap drugs or biomolecules into their interior structures and/or absorb drugs or biomolecules onto their exterior surfaces. Presently, nanoparticles have been widely used to deliver drugs, polypeptides, proteins, vaccines, nucleic acids, genes and so on. Over the years, nanoparticle drug delivery systems have shown huge potential in biological, medical and pharmaceutical applications [3].

Currently, the researches on nanoparticle drug delivery system focus on: (1) the selectness and combination of carrier materials to obtain suitable drug release speed; (2) the surface modification of nanoparticles to improve their targeting ability; (3) the optimization of the preparation of nanoparticles to increase their drug delivery capability, their application in clinics and the possibility of industrial production; (4) the investigation of in vivo dynamic process to disclose the interaction of nanoparticles with blood and targeting tissues and organs, etc.

Polymeric materials used for preparing nanoparticles for drug delivery must be biocompatible at least and biodegradable best. To this aim, many polymeric materials have been applied, including poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid), polycaprolactone, polysaccharides (particularly chitosan), poly(acrylic acid) family, proteins or polypeptides (such as gelatin), etc. Among them, polysaccharides are the most popular polymeric materials to prepare nanoparticles for drug delivery.