Outline

  • Abstract
  • Keywords
  • 1. Method
  • 1.1. Participants
  • 2. Measures
  • 2.1. Structured Clinical Interview for Dsm-Iv Disorders/non-Patient Version (scid-I/np; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1995)
  • 2.2. Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (pds; Foa, 1995)
  • 2.3. Exercise Habits Questionnaire-Revised (ehq-R; Zvolensky, 2008)
  • 2.4. Smoking History Questionnaire (shq; Brown, Lejuez, Kahler, & Strong, 2002)
  • 2.5. Procedure
  • 2.6. Data Analytic Plan
  • 3. Results
  • 3.1. Participant Characteristics
  • 3.2. Zero-Order Correlations
  • 3.3. Hierarchical Multiple Regression Analyses
  • 4. Discussion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References

رئوس مطالب

  • چکیده
  • کلید واژه ها
  • 1. روش
  • 1.1. شرکت‌کنندگان
  • 2. معیارها
  • 2.1. مصاحبه بالینی سازمان یافته برای اختلالات DSM-IV/ نوع غیر بیمار (SCID-I/NP/ اول، Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 1995).
  • 2.2. مقیاس تشخیصی بعد از آسیب (PDS; Foa, 1995)
  • 2.3. پرسشنامه عادت‌های ورزش- تجدید نظر شده (EHQ-R; Zvolensky 2008)
  • 2.4. پرسشنامه سابقه مصرف سیگار (SHQ: Brown, Lejuez, Kahler, & Strong, 2002)
  • 2.5. روش
  • 2.6. برنامه تحلیل داده‌ها
  • 3. نتایج
  • 3.1. ویژگی‌های شرکت‌کنندگان
  • 3.2. همبستگی مرتبه صفر
  • 3.3. آنالیزهای رگرسیون چندگانه سلسله مراتبی
  • 4. بحث

Abstract

The present investigation examined the interactive effect of cigarette smoking status (i.e., regular smoking vs. non-smoking) and weekly exercise (i.e., weekly metabolic equivalent) in terms of posttraumatic stress (PTSD) symptom severity among a community sample of trauma-exposed adults. Participants included 86 trauma-exposed adults (58.1% female; Mage = 24.3). Approximately 59.7% of participants reported regular (≥10 cigarettes per day) daily smoking over the past year. The interactive effect of smoking status by weekly exercise was significantly associated with hyperarousal and avoidance symptom cluster severity (p ≤ .05). These effects were evident above and beyond number of trauma types and gender, as well as the respective main effects of smoking status and weekly exercise. Follow-up tests indicated support for the moderating role of exercise on the association between smoking and PTSD symptoms, such that the highest levels of PTSD symptoms were observed among regular smokers reporting low weekly exercise levels. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

Keywords: - - -

Discussion

The present investigation was the first to empirically document the interplay of smoking and exercise with regard to PTSD symptoms in the context of a trauma-exposed sample. Inconsistent with hypothesis, the interactive effect of smoking status and exercise was not significantly associated with overall PTSD symptom severity (p ¼ .07). However, as predicted, the interactive effect was significantly associated with Hyperarousal and Avoidance symptom cluster severity, specifically. Indeed, the highest levels of PTSD symptoms were observed among regular smokers reporting low weekly exercise output. This finding might suggest that the synergistic effect of regular smoking and low exercise levels may increase vulnerability for the expression of PTSD symptoms in the context of trauma exposure, but no definitive conclusions regarding directionality of the observed associations can be determined due to study design limitations. Such findings are consistent with past work documenting inverse relations between exercise and PTSD; namely, lower levels of exercise tend to be correlated with higher PTSD symptoms and vice versa (e.g., Zen et al., 2012). These results also extend this work by elucidating the additional vulnerability of smoking e particularly smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day. Nevertheless, it should be noted that, due to the cross-sectional design of this study, directionality of observed associations cannot be determined. Therefore, it also is possible that higher levels of PTSD symptoms predispose individuals to higher levels of smoking and lower exercise (e.g., de Assis et al., 2008). More research is needed to determine the directionality of these observations, and moreover, to determine whether decreasing smoking and increasing levels of exercise may serve as a protective factor for PTSD among trauma-exposed adults.

دانلود ترجمه تخصصی این مقاله دانلود رایگان فایل pdf انگلیسی