معماری ابری توزیع شده بلاک‌ چینی بر اساس گره مه نرم افزار محور برای اینترنت اشیا IOT

ABSTRACT A Software Defined Fog Node Based Distributed Blockchain Cloud Architecture for IoT

Nowadays, a large number of intelligent devices and objects are integrated with sensors, thus enabling them to detect real-time information from the environment. However, this paradigm has changed with the advent of the IoT in which all intelligent things- such as sensors, laptops, smart cars, smart home devices, and industrial and utility modules- are connected through a network of networks and equipped with data analysis capability, thereby changing the way we play, live, and work. A huge volume of data streams is produced by IoT devices at high speed. According to a recent report by Gartner [1], around one million new IoT devices will be sold every hour and some 2.5 million US dollars will be spent per minute on IoT by 2021. With efficient and flexible provisioning in cloud computing [2], [3], the large volume of IoT data produced by distributed IoT devices can be transmitted to the remote cloud for processing through the internet [4], [5]. However, the internet is neither sufficiently efficient nor sufficiently scalable to deal with these enormous amounts of IoT data. In addition, the transfer of important data is expensive, consuming an enormous amount of bandwidth, time, and energy. Since massive flows of IoT data are transmitted to the cloud at high speed in order to explore valuable information in real time, it is necessary to design an efficient data-processing architecture.

For future generation computing, fog computing is an evolving framework that combines cloud computing and IoT [6]. Currently, cloud-based solutions are being widely researched due to growing demand and the limited computing resources of IoT devices. Recent research predicts that centralized clouds will be unlikely to deliver satisfactory services to customers in the near future. From the core to the edge of the network, fog computing can be viewed as a layered service structure that is an extension of the cloud computing paradigm. It will be able to provide faster cloud services such as storage, computing, and networking capabilities to end users, with each fog node located near the IoT devices at the edge of the IoT network. Fog nodes are distributed fog computing entities that allow the deployment of fog services and are formed by multiple computing resources at the edge of the IoT network. Using different technologies, all the physical devices of a fog node are connected, aggregated and abstract to be considered as a single logical entity that is the fog node, capable of performing distributed services, as it is on a single device. Given a finite network bandwidth, centralized cloud storage is unable to handle huge volumes of data in a timely manner. Due to the limited scope of its vision and resources, a fog node is unable to provide permanent and comprehensive computing services to users [7]. Thus, the secure, scalable, and efficient management of resources may well be one of the most important objectives for the realization of the future IoT network. A distributed peer-to-peer decentralized cloud storage solution is required to achieve the objectives for the future IoT network. Recently, blockchains have recently attracted the attention of researchers in a wide range of industries [8]–[9][10].

The main reason for this increase in interest in blockchain is that, with the blockchain technique, applications can be operated in distributed ways, whereas previously they had to pass through a trusted intermediary. The recent market research indicates that technologies like blockchain and Bitcoins are the future of the finance domain [11], [12]. By creating trust without the need for a trusted third party, it is widely believed that blockchains will overhaul antiquated cloud computing systems. At present, companies like Amazon offer a decentralized storage infrastructure cloud services. Nowadays, most organizations that have hosted their own servers in their own premises have moved to the cloud to reduce the number of servers and maintenance cost drivers; and by replicating data across multiple data centers, a company like Amazon S3 is able to offer a reliable uptime and redundancy service and charge approximately $ 25 per terabyte per month. This convenience has blinded us to the extent that we now place too much trust in third parties. Due to a lack of good points of reference and low costs, we are obliged to trust these third parties to secure our most private and sensitive data, which are mostly unencrypted. Due to parallelism between the financial and cloud infrastructures, we can replace the existing systems with blockchains and eliminate our reliance on trusted third parties. In the blockchain based cloud infrastructure, storage hosts sell their surplus storage capacity and renters purchase this surplus capacity and upload files, while payments are made over the blockchain. According to a recent report, the world economic forum’s survey predicted that by 2027 some 10% of global GDP may be stored with blockchain technology [13].