Outline
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Purification of Evs from Different Bodily Fluids
- Methods for the Identification and Characterization of Evs
- Evs Can Transfer Proteins and Rna
- The Role of Evs in Diabetes and Metabolic Disease
- The Role Evs in the Function and Dysfunction of Healthy and Diseased Endothelium
- The Role of Evs in Coagulopathies
- Evs As a Potential Therapy for Cardiometabolic Disease
- Conclusion
- Declaration of Interest
- Funding
- References
رئوس مطالب
- چکیده
- کلید واژه ها
- مقدمه
- تخلیص میکرووزیکول ها از مایعات مختلف بدن
- روش هایی برای شناسایی و تعیین خصوصیات وزیکول های خارج سلولی
- وزیکول های خارجی سلولی می‌توانند پروتئین ها و RNA را منتقل کنند
- نقش وزیکول های خارج سلولی در دیابت و بیماری متابولیسمی
- نقش وزیکول های خارج سلولی در عملکرد و اختلال عملکرد اندوتلیوم سالم و بیمار
- نقش وزیکول های خارج سلولی در کواگولوپاتی
- وزیکول های خارج سلولی به عنوان درمانی بالقوه برای بیماری های قلبی متابولیسمی
- نتیجه‌گیری
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an exponential increase in the number of publications referring to extracellular vesicles (EVs). For many years considered to be extracellular debris, EVs are now seen as novel mediators of endocrine signalling via cell-to-cell communication. With the capability of transferring proteins and nucleic acids from one cell to another, they have become an attractive focus of research for different pathological settings and are now regarded as both mediators and biomarkers of disease including cardio-metabolic disease. They also offer therapeutic potential as signalling agents capable of targeting tissues or cells with specific peptides or miRNAs. In this review, we focus on the role that microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, the two most studied classes of EV, have in diabetes, cardiovascular disease, endothelial dysfunction, coagulopathies, and polycystic ovary syndrome. We also provide an overview of current developments in MV/exosome isolation techniques from plasma and other fluids, comparing different available commercial and non-commercial methods. We describe different techniques for their optical/biochemical characterization and quantitation. We also review the signalling pathways that exosomes and MVs activate in target cells and provide some insight into their use as biomarkers or potential therapeutic agents. In summary, we give an updated focus on the role that these exciting novel nanoparticles offer for the endocrine community.
Conclusions
With T2DM reaching epidemic proportions and CVD being the major cause of death worldwide, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently needed to offer cell and tissue repair mechanisms to the myocardium and also diseases characterized by endothelial dysfunction. EVs including MVs and exosomes have emerged over the past decade to attract immense interest due to their potential either as biomarkers or mediators of disease. Increased MVs in plasma can be observed in patients with insulin resistance, T2DM, atherosclerosis and also after stroke or myocardial infarct. MVs have been also described as mediators of inflammation and to be involved in the pro-coagulant actions of platelets. The protein or RNA cargo of EVs offers additional potential not only for their use as biomarkers but also for their use as vehicles for delivering bioactives. As such, they offer the capability of delivering multiple signals to target tissues. Stem cells are the best-explored example of cells that deliver miRNA via exosomes with beneficial effects on the heart, kidneys, and the endothelium. Exosomes and MVs have also been implicated in protecting the heart from infarction and have been proposed as potential mediators of ischaemic conditioning. EVs therefore represent one of the most exciting and promising research areas for the endocrine community. However, there is still much left to understand regarding the mechanisms of EV formation and their specific targeting to a selective tissue. Although current research has provided valuable insight to the mechanisms of EV release, we are only beginning to understand mechanisms of RNA/protein loading into exosomes for instance, and exploring these mechanisms is essential to design efficient therapeutical strategies involving EVs.