Outline

  • Abstract
  • Objectives
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Conclusions
  • Keywords
  • Introduction
  • Respiratory Syncytial Virus
  • Transmission
  • Treatment and Prevention
  • Adenovirus
  • Transmission
  • Treatment and Prevention
  • Influenza Virus
  • Transmission
  • Treatment and Prevention
  • Parainfluenza Virus
  • Transmission
  • Treatment and Prevention
  • Human Metapneumovirus
  • Transmission
  • Treatment and Prevention
  • Rhinovirus
  • Transmission
  • Treatment and Prevention
  • Conclusions
  • Funding
  • Conflict of Interest
  • References

رئوس مطالب

  • چکیده
  • هدف
  • روش‌ها
  • نتایج
  • نتیجه‌گیری
  • کلید واژه ها
  • مقدمه
  • ویروس سنسیشیال تنفسی
  • انتقال
  • درمان و پیشگیری
  • آدنوویروس
  • انتقال
  • درمان و پیشگیری
  • ویروس آنفولانزا
  • انتقال
  • درمان و پیشگیری
  • ویروس پاراآنفلوانزا
  • انتقال
  • درمان و پیشگیری
  • متاپنومو ویروس انسانی
  • انتقال
  • درمان و پیشگیری
  • رینوویروس
  • انتقال
  • درمان و پیشگیری
  • نتیجه‌‌گیری

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this review is to provide updated information on the clinical spectrum, treatment options, and infection prevention strategies for respiratory viral infections (RVIs) in both solid organ (SOT) and hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) patients.

Methods

The MEDLINE and PubMed databases were searched for literature regarding the aforementioned aspects of RVIs, with focus on respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, human metapneumovirus, and rhinovirus.

Results

Compared to immunocompetent hosts, SOT and HSCT patients are much more likely to experience a prolonged duration of illness, prolonged shedding, and progression of upper respiratory tract disease to pneumonia when infected with respiratory viruses. Adenovirus and respiratory syncytial virus tend to have the highest mortality and risk for disseminated disease, but all the RVIs are associated with higher morbidity and mortality in these patients than in the general population. These viruses are spread via direct contact and aerosolized droplets, and nosocomial spread has been reported.

Conclusions

RVIs are associated with high morbidity and mortality among SOT and HSCT recipients. Management options are currently limited or lack strong clinical evidence. As community and nosocomial spread has been reported for all reviewed RVIs, strict adherence to infection control measures is key to preventing outbreaks.

Keywords: - -

Conclusions

Although often thought to be self-limited in a healthy host, RVIs can persist to cause a prolonged duration of illness and progress to cause LRTIs such as pneumonia, graft loss, and even death in transplant patients. They can disseminate to involve other organs and this is most commonly seen with RSV and ADV infections. Transplant patients are at risk of these infections, particularly during periods when immunosuppression is the highest (usually the first 6 months after transplantation). A prolonged duration of illness and viral shedding is also common in this population. As transplant patients are often grouped together in shared hospital units or clinics, nosocomial spread has commonly been observed. Therefore, vigilant hand washing, as well as other standard precautions recommended by the CDC, is urged. Cohorting may be considered along with additional infection control measures, as outlined in Table 1.

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