Outline
- Abstract
- Keywords
- Introduction
- Tes Recently Inserted into the Human Genome
- Genomic Rearrangements by Tes
- Genomic Instability Generated by Tes
- Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
رئوس مطالب
- چکیده
- مقدمه
- بازآرایی ژنومی توسط TE
- ناپایداری ژنومیک ایجاد شده توسط TEs
- نتیجه گیری
Abstract
Since the advent of whole-genome sequencing, transposable elements (TEs), just thought to be ‘junk’ DNA, have been noticed because of their numerous copies in various eukaryotic genomes. Many studies about TEs have been conducted to discover their functions in their host genomes. Based on the results of those studies, it has been generally accepted that they have a function to cause genomic and genetic variations. However, their infinite functions are not fully elucidated. Through various mechanisms, including de novo TE insertions, TE insertion-mediated deletions, and recombination events, they manipulate their host genomes. In this review, we focus on Alu, L1, human endogenous retrovirus, and short interspersed element/variable number of tandem repeats/Alu (SVA) elements and discuss how they have affected primate genomes, especially the human and chimpanzee genomes, since their divergence.
Keywords: Alu elements - DNA transposable elements - endogenous retroviruses - long interspersed nucleotide elements - SVAConclusions
TEs have shown a variety of impacts on their host genomes. In this review, we describe HERV, Alu, L1, and SVA elements, which are thought to still be active in the human genome. A number of research studies related to TEs have shed new light on their amplification mechanisms and their function in primate genomes. Furthermore, recent research of TEs in the rhesus macaque genome provides a glimpse into their diversity and strong influence on the overall differences in genomic architecture between the Old World monkey (e.g., rhesus macaque) and hominid (e.g., human and ape) lineages [67]. The occurrence of de novo TE insertions, TE insertion-mediated deletions, and post-insertion recombination between TEs within the human and chimpanzee lineages has caused genetic alteration, lineage-specific genomic rearrangements, and phenotypic variations, further contributing to the divergence of humans and chimpanzees. As a whole, this review calls into question whether TEs should be considered “junk” DNA at all. Rather, TEs represent a potent evolutionary force associated with genomic fluidity in their host genomes.