Outline
- Abstract
- Keywords
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Method and Data Sources
- 2.1. Method
- 2.2. Data Sources
- 2.2.1. Urban Scale Data
- 2.2.2. National Scale Data
- 2.2.3. International Scale Data
- 3. Results and Discussion
- 3.1. Embodied Water Intensity
- 3.2. Water Embodied in Final Demand
- 3.3. Water Embodied in Imports and Exports
- 3.4. Water Imbalance in Trade
- 3.5. Water Balance in Beijing Economy
- 4. Concluding Remarks
- Acknowledgements
- Appendix A. Supplementary Data
- References
رئوس مطالب
- چکیده
- کلید واژه ها
- 1. مقدمه
- 2. روش و منابع اطلاعات
- 2.1. روش
- 2.2. منابع داده ها
- 2.2.1. داده های مقیاس شهری
- 2.2.2. داده های مقیاس ملی
- 2.2.3. داده های مقیاس بین المللی
- 3. بحث و نتایج
- 3.1. شدت آب مجازی
- 3.2. آب مجازی در تقاضای نهایی
- 3.3. آب مجازی در واردات و صادرات
- 3.4. عدم تعادل آب در تجارت
- 3.5. تعادل آب در اقتصاد پکن
- 4. نتیجه گیری
Abstract
The scheme of a three-scale input–output analysis is presented in this study to investigate the water use profile of the urban economy in Beijing. Defined as total water including direct and indirect water, embodied water for an urban economy supported by massive domestic and foreign trade can be decomposed into nine categories corresponding to three sources (local withdrawal, domestic imports, and foreign imports) and three destinations (local final demand, domestic exports, and foreign exports). Based on statistics for Beijing in 2010, the case urban economy is endowed with just 3.53 billion m3 of local water withdrawal, whereas the total embodied water demand is estimated up to 13.61 billion m3, almost quadruple the local water withdrawal. The extra 10.08 billion m3 of indirect water use is obtained via cross-boundary trade. Overall, Beijing’s total water demand is satisfied mainly by domestic imports by a share of more than 60%, and partly by foreign imports by a share of around 20%. The unintentionally induced water embodied in domestic and global trade plays an essential role in satisfying the water demand, which has essential implications for decision making to ease urban water scarcity.
Keywords: Beijing - Embodied water - Input–output analysis - Urban economy - Water resourcesConclusions
The present work draws a holistic picture of urban water use balance based on a three-scale systems IOA method and provides an insight into the urban water use in context of regionalization and globalization of water resources use. From the perspective of systems theory, trade flows in and out of the urban economy are associated with massive water resources, which have essential implications to relocate urban scale water resources with that in the domestic and global economies. With regard to urban water balance, the local embodied water demand for Beijing is nearly quadruple its local water withdrawal, and the water embodied in domestic and foreign imports plays an essential role in Beijing’s huge water demand. With the threescale system analysis, proper decisions on water-saving strategy can be made from the perspective of embodiment. It is obvious that obtaining embodied water resources through trade is essential for water scare economies in particular for Beijing. For now Beijing has gradually formed an economic structure to obtain embodied water from trade, and in the following process of structural adjustment, water demand embodied in total consumption should be placed with the first priority. Meanwhile, as the urban economy is dominated by tertiary industry, which is characterized as demand for a large amount of embodied water but a relatively small amount of direct water, water utilization efficiency in the tertiary industry in particular those embodied in the production process and in intermediate inputs should be further increased. In the context of globalization, urban economy with water shortage should draw support from their booming trade activities to rebalance water resources use, which will play an essential role in satisfying the water demand and have essential implications for decision making to ease urban water scarcity.