Outline

  • Abstract
  • Objective
  • Methods
  • Results
  • Conclusions
  • Keywords
  • Introduction
  • Low Birth Weight and Other Birth Outcomes
  • Cognitive Dysfunction and Impaired Learning
  • Externalizing Behaviors
  • Offspring Smoking
  • Methods and Materials
  • Measures
  • Offspring Outcomes
  • Maternal Covariates
  • Paternal Covariates
  • Statistical Analyses
  • Results
  • Correlation Between Measures
  • Association Between Msdp and Offspring Outcomes
  • Discussion
  • Conflict of Interest Statement
  • Acknowledgments
  • Appendix A.
  • References

رئوس مطالب

  • چکیده
  • کلیدواژه ها
  • مقدمه
  • اختلال شناختی و نقص در یادگیری
  • رفتارهای برونی سازی
  • سیگار کشیدن فرزندان
  • مواد و روش ها
  • معیارها
  • نتایج فرزندان
  • متغیرهای کمکی مادرانه
  • متغیرهای کمکی پدرانه
  • تجزیه و تحلیل های آماری
  • نتایج
  • همبستگی بین معیارهای اندازه گیری
  • ارتباط بین سیگار کشیدن مادر در دوران بارداری (MSDP) و نتایج فرزندان
  • بحث
  • وضعیت تضاد منافع
  • قدردانی

Abstract

Objective To evaluate the possible association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring outcomes of birth weight, preterm birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct problems while controlling for similar behaviors in parents.

Methods

Using telephone interviews, data were collected, in 2001 and 2004, as a part of two United States offspring-of-twins projects. Fathers, who were twins participating in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry, their female spouse and their offspring were interviewed — information on 1,342 unique pregnancies in mothers with a history of regular smoking was utilized for these analyses. The association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and birth weight, pre-term birth, remediation, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder while controlling for similar behaviors in parents, was examined using regression.

Results

Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with decreased birth weight, low scholastic achievement, regular smoking and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was explained by maternal attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was also associated with earlier age of offspring initiation of smoking and onset of regular smoking.

Conclusions

Maternal smoking during pregnancy may influence certain offspring outcomes via mechanisms that are independent from genetic risk attributable to comorbid conditions. Assisting expecting mothers with their smoking cessation efforts will likely provide widespread health benefits to both mother and offspring.

Keywords: - - -

Conclusions

Correlation between measures

MSDP was negatively correlated with birth weight and positively with regular smoking in the offspring (Supplementary Table 1–3). Correlations between MSDP and ADHD or CDP were modest, however correlations between offspring ADHD and maternal ADHD (MADHD) and maternal CD (MCDP) were higher. MSDP as well as mother’s H.S.I. (MHSI) and current smoking (MCUR) was also correlated with nicotine dependence and current smoking in the father, suggesting positive assortative mating (i.e. tendency for smokers to marry smokers). Finally, CD, ADHD, regular smoking (REGSMK) and low scholastic achievement (EDU) were correlated with each other in the offspring, likely representing a general predisposition to externalizing behaviors. EDU was also correlated with parental education.

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