رئوس مطالب
- چکیده
- کلیدواژه ها
- مقدمه
- هدف
- پیش زمینه
- چرخه هیدرولوژیکی
- قیمت آب بر اساس هزینه های مدیریت
- قیمت آب شهری
- ارزش ذاتی آب: یک پیشنهاد
- سرمایه گذاری بر انرژی خورشیدی
- تبدیل سرمایه گذاری ارز برروی انرژی خورشیدی
- ملاحظات نهایی
Abstract
This paper returns to the controversy about the Intrinsic Value of Water (IVW) which should be included in the price paid by the consumer. The IVW is calculated based on the solar energy involved in the water cycle, which annually generates a considerable volume of water of the highest quality without human intervention. In 2014, Mexico invested a budget of 3,700 million USD in water management. This came mainly from government subsidies, with a quarter coming from water rates. The volume of water available is 459 km3, approximately 16.5% of which comes under the field of federal administration, including the volume of dams and the concession of rivers and groundwater. The federal budget divided by the volume of managed water is the water cost (0.043 USD m−3). The federal agency delivers the water in bulk to the states and the municipalities through the Watershed Councils, who determine the price of water to users based on their availability nationwide. The energy required to evaporate the water of the annual precipitation in Mexico is 1.01×1012 kW h year−1. This energy is divided by the precipitate volume and then multiplied by the lower price of kW h to calculate the intrinsic value of water: 0.036 to 0.13 USD m−3. The federal, municipal and intrinsic costs are added to calculate the final value. The IVW is a kind of natural goodwill that each country should pay according to their hydrological balance.
Keywords: added value - hydrological balance - water and electricity cost5 Final considerations
Considering environmental grounds, a proposal to establish an intrinsic value for water (IVW) has been developed, based mainly on the factors involved in the water cycle on Earth, established since the beginning of its geological history and thanks to which life exists on the planet.
From the point of view of the authors, the IVW thus calculated is exempt from the law of supply and demand and, therefore, free from speculation, their calculations are based on the general need and the particular ambition. Therefore, the IVW should be included in the price per unit volume that is offered to the public, regardless of the use made or administration costs.
This means that no states of the world are exempt from paying the IVW per unit of the volume which precipitates on their territory, since they will be paying no extra charge, the environmental service of water, i.e. water evaporated naturally besides running freely through the rivers and that bypasses meters of any kind or dependency, whether official or private.
The money collected should be called IVW solar financing and would go towards projects of scientific and technological research, as well as works and actions for the conservation of water volume and quality in the natural ecosystems, especially to cushion the effects of climate change (Smith [13]).
The volumes considered in the previous paragraph do not pass through the hands of man only as numbers (it can be called wild water). But each unit volume managed by man shall include the IVW, administration costs, construction, operation and maintenance of water service, whether for those who are under conditions of scarcity in arid areas, or for those who are in conditions of excess in humid areas.
The money collected from non-wild water in both dry and wet areas should be addressed to jobs diametrically opposed to the purposes of water management. In dry areas the collection, storage, treatment and recycling of water is a priority. In the humid zones containment and rapid evacuation is more important. Moreover, global warming will increase precipitation where it is abundant and reduce it where it is currently scarce.
From the author’s point of view, the above fee should be the same regardless of the area, since the difference between areas lies in the most expensive phase of the process. In the humid areas this occurs before (containment and evacuation) and in arid areas, after (treatment and recycling) the water passes through the hands, machines, animals, plants or any production process of man (Banderas and González [14]).
The appropriateness of the price of a kWh of electricity as a basis for this calculation must be analyzed, because you have to consider that it not only includes the costs of generation, distribution and maintenance of the network, but also represents a business (of unknown dimension) for the operator, equivalent to adding an aberration of unknown size to the IVW.
The price of a kW h defined by the CFE (Comisión Federal de Electricidad) is applied because it is more accessible and stable; however, the lower rate should be applied. The price of the work produced by the energy of hydrocarbons cannot be used because it is subject to continuous increases in the country and abrupt fluctuations in the international market.